What if Lymphoma Has Spread to Bone Marrow

General Information About Developed Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Key Points

• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a affliction in which cancerous (cancer) cells form in the lymph system.
• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma can be indolent or ambitious.
• Older age, being male, and having a weakened immune system can increase the run a risk of adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
• Signs and symptoms of adult not-Hodgkin lymphoma include swollen lymph nodes, fever, drenching night sweats, weight loss, and fatigue.
• Tests that examine the lymph system and other parts of the body are used to diagnose and stage adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
• Certain factors bear on prognosis (adventure of recovery) and handling options.

Not-Hodgkin lymphoma is a disease in which malignant (cancer) cells form in the lymph system.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a type of cancer that forms in the lymph system. The lymph organisation is role of the immune system. It helps protect the body from infection and disease.

The lymph system is made up of the following:

• Lymph: Colorless, watery fluid that travels through the lymph vessels and carries lymphocytes (white blood cells). There are three types of lymphocytes:
  • B lymphocytes that make antibodies to help fight infection. Also called B cells. Almost types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma begin in B lymphocytes.
  • T lymphocytes that help B lymphocytes make the antibodies that assistance fight infection. Likewise called T cells.
  • Natural killer cells that set on cancer cells and viruses. Too called NK cells.
• Lymph vessels: A network of thin tubes that collect lymph from unlike parts of the body and return it to the bloodstream.
• Lymph nodes: Modest, bean-shaped structures that filter lymph and shop white blood cells that aid fight infection and disease. Lymph nodes are found along a network of lymph vessels throughout the body. Groups of lymph nodes are plant in the neck, underarm, mediastinum, abdomen, pelvis, and groin.
• Spleen: An organ that makes lymphocytes, stores cerise blood cells and lymphocytes, filters the blood, and destroys former blood cells. The spleen is on the left side of the abdomen almost the breadbasket.
• Thymus: An organ in which T lymphocytes mature and multiply. The thymus is in the breast behind the breastbone.
• Tonsils: Two small masses of lymph tissue at the dorsum of the pharynx. In that location is 1 tonsil on each side of the pharynx.
• Os marrow: The soft, spongy tissue in the center of sure bones, such every bit the hip os and breastbone. White blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets are made in the bone marrow.

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Anatomy of the lymph arrangement, showing the lymph vessels and lymph organs including lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow. Lymph (clear fluid) and lymphocytes travel through the lymph vessels and into the lymph nodes where the lymphocytes destroy harmful substances. The lymph enters the blood through a large vein most the centre.

Lymph tissue is as well found in other parts of the body such as the lining of the digestive tract, bronchus, and skin. Cancer tin can spread to the liver and lungs.

At that place are two general types of lymphomas: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. This summary is about the handling of adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma, including during pregnancy.

For information most other types of lymphoma, see the post-obit PDQ summaries:

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma tin can be indolent or aggressive.

Not-Hodgkin lymphoma grows and spreads at different rates and can exist indolent or ambitious. Indolent lymphoma tends to grow and spread slowly, and has few signs and symptoms. Aggressive lymphoma grows and spreads quickly, and has signs and symptoms that can be astringent. The treatments for indolent and aggressive lymphoma are different.

This summary is about the following types of not-Hodgkin lymphoma:

Indolent non-Hodgkin lymphomas

• Follicular lymphoma. Follicular lymphoma is the nigh common type of indolent non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is a very wearisome-growing type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that begins in B lymphocytes. It affects the lymph nodes and may spread to the bone marrow or spleen. Most patients with follicular lymphoma are age fifty years and older when they are diagnosed. Follicular lymphoma may go away without treatment. The patient is closely watched for signs or symptoms that the disease has come back. Handling is needed if signs or symptoms occur afterwards the cancer disappeared or after initial cancer treatment. Sometimes follicular lymphoma can become a more than aggressive type of lymphoma, such as diffuse big B-jail cell lymphoma.
• Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. In most cases of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, B lymphocytes that are turning into plasma cells make large amounts of a protein called monoclonal immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody. High levels of IgM antibiotic in the blood cause the blood plasma to thicken. This may cause signs or symptoms such every bit trouble seeing or hearing, middle problems, shortness of breath, headache, dizziness, and numbness or tingling of the hands and feet. Sometimes there are no signs or symptoms of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. It may be institute when a blood test is done for another reason. Lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma oftentimes spreads to the bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen. Patients with lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma should exist checked for hepatitis C virus infection. It is likewise chosen Waldenström macroglobulinemia.
• Marginal zone lymphoma. This blazon of non-Hodgkin lymphoma begins in B lymphocytes in a part of lymph tissue called the marginal zone. The prognosis may exist worse for patients aged seventy years or older, those with phase III or stage IV disease, and those with high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels. There are 5 dissimilar types of marginal zone lymphoma. They are grouped by the type of tissue where the lymphoma formed:
  • Nodal marginal zone lymphoma. Nodal marginal zone lymphoma forms in lymph nodes. This blazon of not-Hodgkin lymphoma is rare. It is also called monocytoid B-cell lymphoma.
  • Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Gastric MALT lymphoma usually begins in the tum. This type of marginal zone lymphoma forms in cells in the mucosa that help brand antibodies. Patients with gastric MALT lymphoma may also have Helicobacter gastritis or an autoimmune disease, such as Hashimoto thyroiditis or Sjögren syndrome.
  • Extragastric MALT lymphoma. Extragastric MALT lymphoma begins outside of the stomach in nigh every part of the body including other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, salivary glands, thyroid, lung, pare, and effectually the center. This type of marginal zone lymphoma forms in cells in the mucosa that assistance make antibodies. Extragastric MALT lymphoma may come back many years afterwards treatment.
  • Mediterranean abdominal lymphoma. This is a type of MALT lymphoma that occurs in young adults in eastern Mediterranean countries. It oftentimes forms in the abdomen and patients may as well exist infected with bacteria called Campylobacter jejuni. This type of lymphoma is likewise called immunoproliferative small intestinal disease.
  • Splenic marginal zone lymphoma. This blazon of marginal zone lymphoma begins in the spleen and may spread to the peripheral blood and bone marrow. The most common sign of this type of splenic marginal zone lymphoma is a spleen that is larger than normal.
• Principal cutaneous anaplastic large jail cell lymphoma. This blazon of non-Hodgkin lymphoma is in the skin only. It can be a benign (not cancer) nodule that may get away on its ain or it can spread to many places on the skin and need treatment.

Aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphomas

• Diffuse large B-prison cell lymphoma. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common type of not-Hodgkin lymphoma. Information technology grows quickly in the lymph nodes and frequently the spleen, liver, os marrow, or other organs are likewise afflicted. Signs and symptoms of diffuse large B-prison cell lymphoma may include fever, drenching night sweats, and weight loss. These are also chosen B symptoms.
  • Principal mediastinal big B-cell lymphoma. This blazon of not-Hodgkin lymphoma is a blazon of lengthened large B-cell lymphoma. It is marked by the overgrowth of fibrous (scar-similar) lymph tissue. A tumor most ofttimes forms backside the breastbone. It may press on the airways and cause cough and trouble animate. Most patients with primary mediastinal large B-cell lymphoma are women who are age 30 to 40 years.
• Follicular large prison cell lymphoma, stage Iii. Follicular large prison cell lymphoma, phase Iii, is a very rare type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Treatment of this blazon of follicular lymphoma is more than like treatment of aggressive NHL than of indolent NHL.
• Anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Anaplastic large prison cell lymphoma is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma that usually begins in T lymphocytes. The cancer cells as well have a marking chosen CD30 on the surface of the cell.

  There are two types of anaplastic large jail cell lymphoma:

  • Cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma. This blazon of anaplastic large prison cell lymphoma mostly affects the peel, but other parts of the torso may too be affected. Signs of cutaneous anaplastic large jail cell lymphoma include 1 or more bumps or ulcers on the pare. This type of lymphoma is rare and indolent.
  • Systemic anaplastic big cell lymphoma. This blazon of anaplastic large cell lymphoma begins in the lymph nodes and may affect other parts of the body. This type of lymphoma is more aggressive. Patients may have a lot of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) protein within the lymphoma cells. These patients have a better prognosis than patients who exercise not take extra ALK protein. Systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma is more common in children than adults. (Run into the PDQ summary on Childhood Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment for more information.)
• Extranodal NK-/T-cell lymphoma. Extranodal NK-/T-cell lymphoma commonly begins in the expanse effectually the nose. Information technology may as well affect the paranasal sinus (hollow spaces in the bones effectually the nose), roof of the rima oris, trachea, skin, breadbasket, and intestines. Most cases of extranodal NK-/T-cell lymphoma have Epstein-Barr virus in the tumor cells. Sometimes hemophagocytic syndrome occurs (a serious condition in which there are as well many agile histiocytes and T cells that cause severe inflammation in the body). Treatment to suppress the immune system is needed. This type of not-Hodgkin lymphoma is non common in the Usa.
• Lymphomatoid granulomatosis. Lymphomatoid granulomatosis by and large affects the lungs. It may as well affect the paranasal sinuses (hollow spaces in the basic effectually the nose), skin, kidneys, and central nervous system. In lymphomatoid granulomatosis, cancer invades the claret vessels and kills tissue. Considering the cancer may spread to the brain, intrathecal chemotherapy or radiation therapy to the encephalon is given.
• Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. This type of not-Hodgkin lymphoma begins in T cells. Swollen lymph nodes are a common sign. Other signs may include a pare rash, fever, weight loss, or drenching night sweats. There may also exist high levels of gamma globulin (antibodies) in the blood. Patients may also have opportunistic infections because their immune systems are weakened.
• Peripheral T-cell lymphoma. Peripheral T-cell lymphoma begins in mature T lymphocytes. This blazon of T lymphocyte matures in the thymus gland and travels to other lymphatic sites in the body such every bit the lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen. In that location are three subtypes of peripheral T-cell lymphoma:
  • Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma. This is an uncommon type of peripheral T-cell lymphoma that occurs more often than not in young men. Information technology begins in the liver and spleen and the cancer cells also have a T-prison cell receptor chosen gamma/delta on the surface of the cell.
  • Subcutaneous panniculitis-similar T-cell lymphoma. Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma begins in the pare or mucosa. It may occur with hemophagocytic syndrome (a serious condition in which there are also many active histiocytes and T cells that cause severe inflammation in the trunk). Treatment to suppress the immune arrangement is needed.
  • Enteropathy-blazon intestinal T-cell lymphoma. This type of peripheral T-jail cell lymphoma occurs in the modest bowel of patients with untreated celiac disease (an immune response to gluten that causes malnutrition). Patients who are diagnosed with celiac illness in childhood and stay on a gluten-free diet rarely develop enteropathy-type intestinal T-jail cell lymphoma.
• Intravascular large B-cell lymphoma. This type of not-Hodgkin lymphoma affects blood vessels, especially the pocket-sized blood vessels in the brain, kidney, lung, and pare. Signs and symptoms of intravascular large B-cell lymphoma are caused by blocked blood vessels. It is too called intravascular lymphomatosis.
• Burkitt lymphoma. Burkitt lymphoma is a type of B-prison cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that grows and spreads very quickly. It may bear upon the jaw, bones of the face, bowel, kidneys, ovaries, or other organs. In that location are 3 master types of Burkitt lymphoma (endemic, sporadic, and immunodeficiency related). Endemic Burkitt lymphoma unremarkably occurs in Africa and is linked to the Epstein-Barr virus, and sporadic Burkitt lymphoma occurs throughout the world. Immunodeficiency-related Burkitt lymphoma is most oftentimes seen in patients who have AIDS. Burkitt lymphoma may spread to the brain and spinal cord and handling to prevent its spread may be given. Burkitt lymphoma occurs most often in children and young adults (Meet the PDQ summary on Childhood Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Handling for more information.) Burkitt lymphoma is likewise chosen diffuse modest noncleaved-cell lymphoma.
• Lymphoblastic lymphoma. Lymphoblastic lymphoma may begin in T cells or B cells, only it usually begins in T cells. In this type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, there are too many lymphoblasts (immature white blood cells) in the lymph nodes and the thymus gland. These lymphoblasts may spread to other places in the body, such every bit the os marrow, brain, and spinal cord. Lymphoblastic lymphoma is most common in teenagers and young adults. It is a lot like acute lymphoblastic leukemia (lymphoblasts are more often than not constitute in the bone marrow and claret). (Meet the PDQ summary on Developed Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment for more than information.)
• Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma is caused by the human T-jail cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1). Signs include bone and pare lesions, high claret calcium levels, and lymph nodes, spleen, and liver that are larger than normal.
• Pall cell lymphoma. Mantle cell lymphoma is a type of B-prison cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that usually occurs in heart-aged or older adults. It begins in the lymph nodes and spreads to the spleen, bone marrow, claret, and sometimes the esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Patients with curtain cell lymphoma have likewise much of a protein called cyclin-D1 or a certain gene change in the lymphoma cells. In some patients who do not accept signs or symptoms of lymphoma, delaying the start of treatment does not affect the prognosis.
• Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder. This disease occurs in patients who take had a middle, lung, liver, kidney, or pancreas transplant and demand lifelong immunosuppressive therapy. Virtually posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders affect the B cells and have Epstein-Barr virus in the cells. Lymphoproliferative disorders are often treated like cancer.
• True histiocytic lymphoma. This is a rare, very aggressive type of lymphoma. Information technology is non known whether it begins in B cells or T cells. Information technology does not respond well to treatment with standard chemotherapy.
• Chief effusion lymphoma. Primary effusion lymphoma begins in B cells that are found in an area where there is a big build-upward of fluid, such as the areas between the lining of the lung and chest wall (pleural effusion), the sac around the heart and the middle (pericardial effusion), or in the abdominal cavity. There is commonly no tumor that can be seen. This type of lymphoma often occurs in patients who are infected with HIV.
• Plasmablastic lymphoma. Plasmablastic lymphoma is a type of large B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that is very ambitious. Information technology is almost oftentimes seen in patients with HIV infection.

Older historic period, beingness male person, and having a weakened immune system can increase the take a chance of adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Annihilation that increases your risk of getting a disease is called a take chances factor. Having a risk factor does non mean that you will get cancer; not having gamble factors doesn't hateful that you will non get cancer. Talk with your doc if you think y'all may be at hazard.

These and other chance factors may increase the take chances of sure types of adult not-Hodgkin lymphoma:

• Being older, male person, or White.
• Having one of the post-obit medical atmospheric condition that weakens the immune organization:
  • An inherited immune disorder (such as hypogammaglobulinemia or Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome).
  • An autoimmune disease (such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, or Sjögren syndrome).
  • HIV/AIDS.
  • Human T-lymphotrophic virus type I or Epstein-Barr virus infection.
  • Helicobacter pylori infection.
• Taking immunosuppressant drugs afterward an organ transplant.

Signs and symptoms of adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma include swollen lymph nodes, fever, drenching nighttime sweats, weight loss, and fatigue.

These signs and symptoms may be caused by adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma or by other conditions. Check with your dr. if you have any of the following:

• Swelling in the lymph nodes in the cervix, underarm, groin, or stomach.
• Fever for no known reason.
• Drenching night sweats.
• Feeling very tired.
• Weight loss for no known reason.
• Peel rash or itchy skin.
• Pain in the chest, abdomen, or bones for no known reason.

When fever, drenching night sweats, and weight loss occur together, this group of symptoms is called B symptoms.

Other signs and symptoms of adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma may occur and depend on the following:

• Where the cancer forms in the body.
• The size of the tumor.
• How fast the tumor grows.

Tests that examine the lymph organization and other parts of the torso are used to diagnose and stage developed non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

The post-obit tests and procedures may be used:

• Physical exam and health history: An examination of the body to check general signs of health, including checking for signs of disease, such every bit lumps or anything else that seems unusual. A history of the patient's health, including fever, drenching nighttime sweats, and weight loss, wellness habits, and past illnesses and treatments will also be taken.
• Complete blood count (CBC): A procedure in which a sample of blood is drawn and checked for the following:
  • The number of red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.
  • The amount of hemoglobin (the poly peptide that carries oxygen) in the red blood cells.
  • The portion of the sample made up of red claret cells.

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  Complete claret count (CBC). Claret is collected by inserting a needle into a vein and assuasive the claret to flow into a tube. The blood sample is sent to the laboratory and the cherry claret cells, white blood cells, and platelets are counted. The CBC is used to test for, diagnose, and monitor many unlike weather condition.

• Blood chemistry studies: A procedure in which a claret sample is checked to measure out the amounts of certain substances released into the blood by organs and tissues in the trunk. An unusual (college or lower than normal) amount of a substance can be a sign of disease.
• LDH examination: A process in which a claret sample is checked to mensurate the amount of lactic dehydrogenase. An increased amount of LDH in the blood may be a sign of tissue damage, lymphoma, or other diseases.
• Hepatitis B and hepatitis C test: A procedure in which a sample of blood is checked to measure the amounts of hepatitis B virus-specific antigens and/or antibodies and the amounts of hepatitis C virus-specific antibodies. These antigens or antibodies are called markers. Different markers or combinations of markers are used to determine whether a patient has a hepatitis B or C infection, has had a prior infection or vaccination, or is susceptible to infection. Patients who have been treated for hepatitis B virus in the past demand continued monitoring to bank check if it has reactivated. Knowing whether a person has hepatitis B or C may help programme treatment.
• HIV test: A test to measure the level of HIV antibodies in a sample of blood. Antibodies are fabricated by the body when it is invaded past a strange substance. A high level of HIV antibodies may mean the body has been infected with HIV.
• CT scan (CAT scan): A procedure that makes a series of detailed pictures of areas inside the trunk, such as the cervix, chest, abdomen, pelvis, and lymph nodes, taken from different angles. The pictures are made past a computer linked to an x-ray car. A dye may be injected into a vein or swallowed to assist the organs or tissues show up more conspicuously. This process is also chosen computed tomography, computerized tomography, or computerized axial tomography.
• PET scan (positron emission tomography scan): A procedure to find malignant tumor cells in the body. A small corporeality of radioactive glucose (sugar) is injected into a vein. The PET scanner rotates around the body and makes a picture of where glucose is being used in the body. Cancerous tumor cells show upwards brighter in the picture because they are more than active and take up more glucose than normal cells do.
• Os marrow aspiration and biopsy: The removal of bone marrow and a small-scale piece of bone past inserting a needle into the hipbone or breastbone. A pathologist views the bone marrow and bone under a microscope to look for signs of cancer.

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  Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy. After a pocket-size area of skin is numbed, a os marrow needle is inserted into the patient's hip bone. Samples of blood, bone, and os marrow are removed for examination under a microscope.

• Lymph node biopsy: The removal of all or function of a lymph node. A pathologist views the tissue nether a microscope to cheque for cancer cells. One of the following types of biopsies may be done:
  • Excisional biopsy: The removal of an entire lymph node.
  • Incisional biopsy: The removal of function of a lymph node.
  • Cadre biopsy: The removal of part of a lymph node using a broad needle.

If cancer is institute, the post-obit tests may be done to study the cancer cells:

• Immunohistochemistry: A laboratory examination that uses antibodies to check for certain antigens (markers) in a sample of a patient's tissue. The antibodies are usually linked to an enzyme or a fluorescent dye. Afterward the antibodies bind to a specific antigen in the tissue sample, the enzyme or dye is activated, and the antigen tin can then be seen under a microscope. This type of test is used to aid diagnose cancer and to aid tell i type of cancer from some other blazon of cancer.
• Cytogenetic assay: A laboratory test in which the chromosomes of cells in a sample of blood or bone marrow are counted and checked for any changes, such every bit broken, missing, rearranged, or extra chromosomes. Changes in sure chromosomes may be a sign of cancer. Cytogenetic analysis is used to help diagnose cancer, plan treatment, or find out how well treatment is working.
• Immunophenotyping: A laboratory test that uses antibodies to identify cancer cells based on the types of antigens or markers on the surface of the cells. This test is used to help diagnose specific types of lymphoma.
• FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization): A laboratory test used to wait at and count genes or chromosomes in cells and tissues. Pieces of DNA that contain fluorescent dyes are made in the laboratory and added to a sample of a patient'south cells or tissues. When these dyed pieces of Deoxyribonucleic acid attach to certain genes or areas of chromosomes in the sample, they light up when viewed under a fluorescent microscope. The FISH examination is used to aid diagnose cancer and help programme treatment.

Other tests and procedures may be done depending on the signs and symptoms seen and where the cancer forms in the body.

Sure factors impact prognosis (gamble of recovery) and treatment options.

The prognosis and handling options depend on the following:

• The patient'southward signs and symptoms, including whether or non they accept B symptoms (fever for no known reason, weight loss for no known reason, or drenching nighttime sweats).
• The stage of the cancer (the size of the cancer tumors and whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the torso or lymph nodes).
• The type of not-Hodgkin lymphoma.
• The corporeality of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the blood.
• Whether there are sure changes in the genes.
• The patient's age, sex, and general health.
• Whether the lymphoma is newly diagnosed, continues to abound during handling, or has recurred (come back).

For not-Hodgkin lymphoma during pregnancy, treatment options also depend on:

• The wishes of the patient.
• Which trimester of pregnancy the patient is in.
• Whether the baby can exist delivered early.

Some types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma spread more quickly than others practice. Most non-Hodgkin lymphomas that occur during pregnancy are aggressive. Delaying handling of ambitious lymphoma until subsequently the babe is born may lessen the mother'southward chance of survival. Firsthand handling is often recommended, even during pregnancy.

Stages of Developed Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Key Points

• After adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out whether cancer cells accept spread within the lymph organisation or to other parts of the body.
• There are iii means that cancer spreads in the body.
• The following stages are used for adult not-Hodgkin lymphoma:
  • Stage I
  • Stage Two
  • Stage Three
  • Stage 4
• Adult not-Hodgkin lymphomas may be grouped for treatment according to whether the cancer is indolent or aggressive, whether afflicted lymph nodes are next to each other in the body, and whether the cancer is newly diagnosed or recurrent.
• Adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma tin can recur (come back) later it has been treated.

Afterward adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma has been diagnosed, tests are done to find out whether cancer cells take spread within the lymph organisation or to other parts of the body.

The procedure used to find out the type of cancer and if cancer cells have spread within the lymph system or to other parts of the trunk is called staging. The information gathered from the staging process determines the stage of the affliction. It is of import to know the stage of the disease in lodge to programme treatment. The results of the tests and procedures done to diagnose non-Hodgkin lymphoma are used to assist brand decisions about treatment.

The following tests and procedures may also be used in the staging process:

• MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) with gadolinium: A procedure that uses a magnet, radio waves, and a estimator to make a series of detailed pictures of areas within the trunk, such equally the brain and spinal string. A substance called gadolinium is injected into the patient through a vein. The gadolinium collects around the cancer cells so they show up brighter in the picture. This procedure is as well called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).
• Lumbar puncture: A procedure used to collect cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from the spinal cavalcade. This is done past placing a needle betwixt ii basic in the spine and into the CSF effectually the spinal string and removing a sample of the fluid. The sample of CSF is checked under a microscope for signs that the cancer has spread to the brain and spinal cord. This procedure is also called an LP or spinal tap.

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  Lumbar puncture. A patient lies in a curled position on a table. After a small area on the lower dorsum is numbed, a spinal needle (a long, sparse needle) is inserted into the lower part of the spinal cavalcade to remove cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, shown in bluish). The fluid may exist sent to a laboratory for testing.

For pregnant women with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, staging tests and procedures that protect the unborn baby from the harms of radiation are used. These tests and procedures include MRI (without contrast), lumbar puncture, and ultrasound.

At that place are three ways that cancer spreads in the body.

Cancer can spread through tissue, the lymph organization, and the blood:

• Tissue. The cancer spreads from where information technology began by growing into nearby areas.
• Lymph system. The cancer spreads from where it began by getting into the lymph system. The cancer travels through the lymph vessels to other parts of the torso.
• Claret. The cancer spreads from where information technology began by getting into the blood. The cancer travels through the claret vessels to other parts of the body.

The following stages are used for adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma:

Stage I

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Stage I developed lymphoma. Cancer is found in 1 or more than lymph nodes in a group of lymph nodes or, in rare cases, cancer is institute in the Waldeyer's band, thymus, or spleen. In phase IE (not shown), cancer has spread to one area exterior the lymph system.

Stage I developed non-Hodgkin lymphoma is divided into stages I and IE.

In stage I, cancer is found in ane of the following places in the lymph system:

• One or more lymph nodes in a grouping of lymph nodes.
• Waldeyer's ring.
• Thymus.
• Spleen.

In phase IE, cancer is institute in 1 area exterior the lymph organisation.

Stage II

Stage Ii adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma is divided into stages II and IIE.

In stage II, the term bulky disease refers to a larger tumor mass. The size of the tumor mass that is referred to as beefy affliction varies based on the blazon of lymphoma.

Phase III

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Stage III adult lymphoma. Cancer is found in groups of lymph nodes both above and beneath the diaphragm; or in a group of lymph nodes above the diaphragm and in the spleen.

In phase III adult not-Hodgkin lymphoma, cancer is found:

• in groups of lymph nodes both above and below the diaphragm; or
• in lymph nodes higher up the diaphragm and in the spleen.

Phase IV

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Stage Iv adult lymphoma. Cancer (a) has spread throughout one or more than organs outside the lymph organization; or (b) is found in two or more than groups of lymph nodes that are either above the diaphragm or below the diaphragm and in one organ that is outside the lymph system and not virtually the affected lymph nodes; or (c) is plant in groups of lymph nodes to a higher place the diaphragm and beneath the diaphragm and in any organ that is outside the lymph system; or (d) is constitute in the liver, bone marrow, more than than one place in the lung, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The cancer has not spread directly into the liver, bone marrow, lung, or CSF from nearby lymph nodes.

In stage IV developed not-Hodgkin lymphoma, cancer:

• has spread throughout 1 or more organs outside the lymph system; or
• is institute in two or more groups of lymph nodes that are either above the diaphragm or below the diaphragm and in one organ that is outside the lymph system and not near the affected lymph nodes; or
• is constitute in groups of lymph nodes both higher up and below the diaphragm and in any organ that is outside the lymph system; or
• is institute in the liver, bone marrow, more than than ane identify in the lung, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The cancer has not spread directly into the liver, os marrow, lung, or CSF from nearby lymph nodes.

Adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas may be grouped for treatment according to whether the cancer is indolent or ambitious, whether affected lymph nodes are next to each other in the body, and whether the cancer is newly diagnosed or recurrent.

Meet the Full general Information department for more data on the types of indolent (boring-growing) and aggressive (fast-growing) non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma can also be described as contiguous or noncontiguous:

• Face-to-face lymphomas: Lymphomas in which the lymph nodes with cancer are next to each other.
• Noncontiguous lymphomas: Lymphomas in which the lymph nodes with cancer are not next to each other, but are on the same side of the diaphragm.

Adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma tin recur (come back) later it has been treated.

The lymphoma may come up back in the lymph organisation or in other parts of the body. Indolent lymphoma may come back as ambitious lymphoma. Aggressive lymphoma may come back as indolent lymphoma.

Treatment Option Overview

Key Points

• At that place are different types of treatment for patients with not-Hodgkin lymphoma.
• Patients with not-Hodgkin lymphoma should have their handling planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating lymphomas.
• Treatment for adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma may cause side furnishings.
• Ix types of standard treatment are used:
  • Radiations therapy
  • Chemotherapy
  • Immunotherapy
  • Targeted therapy
  • Plasmapheresis
  • Watchful waiting
  • Antibiotic therapy
  • Surgery
  • Stem jail cell transplant
• New types of treatment are being tested in clinical trials.
  • Vaccine therapy
• Patients may want to retrieve about taking role in a clinical trial.
• Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or after starting their cancer treatment.
• Follow-upwardly tests may exist needed.

There are different types of treatment for patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Unlike types of treatment are bachelor for patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Some treatments are standard (the currently used handling), and some are beingness tested in clinical trials. A treatment clinical trial is a research report meant to help improve electric current treatments or obtain information on new treatments for patients with cancer. When clinical trials evidence that a new treatment is better than the standard handling, the new treatment may go the standard handling. Patients may want to retrieve about taking function in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started treatment.

For significant women with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, treatment is carefully chosen to protect the unborn baby. Treatment decisions are based on the mother'southward wishes, the phase of the non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and the age of the unborn infant. The handling plan may change as the signs and symptoms, cancer, and pregnancy alter. Choosing the most appropriate cancer handling is a decision that ideally involves the patient, family unit, and health care team.

Patients with not-Hodgkin lymphoma should have their treatment planned by a team of health care providers who are experts in treating lymphomas.

Treatment will be overseen by a medical oncologist, a doctor who specializes in treating cancer, or a hematologist, a doctor who specializes in treating blood cancers. The medical oncologist may refer you to other health care providers who take experience and are experts in treating adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma and who specialize in certain areas of medicine. These may include the following specialists:

Treatment for developed not-Hodgkin lymphoma may cause side furnishings.

For information about side effects that brainstorm during treatment for cancer, see our Side Effects page.

Side furnishings from cancer treatment that begin after handling and continue for months or years are called late effects. Treatment with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or stem cell transplant for non-Hodgkin lymphoma may increase the risk of belatedly effects.

Late furnishings of cancer treatment may include the following:

• Centre bug.
• Infertility (inability to take children).
• Loss of os density.
• Neuropathy (nerve damage that causes numbness or trouble walking).
• A 2nd cancer, such equally:

Some tardily effects may be treated or controlled. Information technology is of import to talk with your physician well-nigh the effects cancer treatment can have on you. Regular follow-up to bank check for tardily furnishings is of import.

Ix types of standard treatment are used:

Radiation therapy

Radiation therapy is a cancer handling that uses loftier-energy x-rays or other types of radiations to impale cancer cells or continue them from growing.

External radiation therapy uses a auto outside the body to send radiation toward the area of the body with cancer. Sometimes full-body irradiation is given earlier a stalk cell transplant.

Proton beam radiations therapy is a blazon of high-energy, external radiation therapy that uses streams of protons (tiny particles with a positive charge) to kill tumor cells. This type of treatment can lower the amount of radiation damage to healthy tissue near a tumor such every bit the heart or breast.

External radiation therapy is used to treat adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and may too be used as palliative therapy to salve symptoms and meliorate quality of life.

For a pregnant woman with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, radiation therapy should be given after delivery, if possible, to avoid any take chances to the unborn baby. If treatment is needed right away, the woman may decide to continue the pregnancy and receive radiation therapy. A lead shield is used to encompass the pregnant woman's abdomen to help protect the unborn baby from radiations as much equally possible.

Chemotherapy

Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or past stopping them from dividing. When chemotherapy is taken past mouth or injected into a vein or muscle, the drugs enter the bloodstream and can attain cancer cells throughout the trunk (systemic chemotherapy). When chemotherapy is placed directly into the cerebrospinal fluid (intrathecal chemotherapy), an organ, or a torso cavity such equally the abdomen, the drugs mainly affect cancer cells in those areas (regional chemotherapy). Combination chemotherapy is treatment using two or more anticancer drugs. Steroid drugs may be added, to lessen inflammation and lower the body's immune response.

Systemic combination chemotherapy is used for the handling of developed not-Hodgkin lymphoma.

Intrathecal chemotherapy may also be used in the treatment of lymphoma that first forms in the testicles or sinuses (hollow areas) around the olfactory organ, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, lymphoblastic lymphoma, and some aggressive T-cell lymphomas. Information technology is given to lessen the hazard that lymphoma cells will spread to the brain and spinal string. This is called CNS prophylaxis.

Enlarge

Intrathecal chemotherapy. Anticancer drugs are injected into the intrathecal space, which is the space that holds the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF, shown in blue). There are two unlike means to do this. Ane manner, shown in the top part of the figure, is to inject the drugs into an Ommaya reservoir (a dome-shaped container that is placed nether the scalp during surgery; it holds the drugs as they flow through a modest tube into the brain). The other way, shown in the bottom part of the figure, is to inject the drugs direct into the CSF in the lower role of the spinal column, afterward a small area on the lower back is numbed.

When a pregnant adult female is treated with chemotherapy for not-Hodgkin lymphoma, the unborn infant cannot exist protected from beingness exposed to chemotherapy. Some chemotherapy regimens may crusade nascency defects if given in the first trimester.

Meet Drugs Canonical for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma for more than data.

Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that uses the patient'southward immune system to fight cancer. Substances made by the trunk or made in a laboratory are used to boost, direct, or restore the trunk'due south natural defenses against cancer. This cancer treatment is a type of biologic therapy.

• Immunomodulators: Lenalidomide is an immunomodulator used to treat developed not-Hodgkin lymphoma.
• CAR T-jail cell therapy: The patient'south T cells (a type of immune organization prison cell) are changed so they will set on sure proteins on the surface of cancer cells. T cells are taken from the patient and special receptors are added to their surface in the laboratory. The changed cells are called chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. The Motorcar T cells are grown in the laboratory and given to the patient by infusion. The CAR T cells multiply in the patient's claret and attack cancer cells. Machine T-jail cell therapy (such as axicabtagene ciloleucel or tisagenlecleucel) is used to care for large B-jail cell lymphoma that has not responded to treatment. Car T-cell therapy is being studied to treat mantle prison cell lymphoma that has relapsed or non responded to treatment.

Overstate

CAR T-cell therapy. A type of treatment in which a patient's T cells (a type of immune cell) are changed in the laboratory so they will bind to cancer cells and kill them. Claret from a vein in the patient's arm flows through a tube to an apheresis auto (not shown), which removes the white blood cells, including the T cells, and sends the rest of the blood dorsum to the patient. And so, the cistron for a special receptor called a chimeric antigen receptor (Automobile) is inserted into the T cells in the laboratory. Millions of the CAR T cells are grown in the laboratory and and then given to the patient past infusion. The CAR T cells are able to bind to an antigen on the cancer cells and kill them.

Come across Drugs Approved for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma for more information.

Targeted therapy

Targeted therapy is a type of handling that uses drugs or other substances to identify and attack specific cancer cells. Targeted therapies unremarkably crusade less harm to normal cells than chemotherapy or radiation therapy do. Monoclonal antibody therapy, proteasome inhibitor therapy, and kinase inhibitor therapy are types of targeted therapy used to treat adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

• Monoclonal antibody therapy: Monoclonal antibodies are immune system proteins made in the laboratory to treat many diseases, including cancer. Every bit a cancer treatment, these antibodies can adhere to a specific target on cancer cells or other cells that may help cancer cells grow. The antibodies are able to then impale the cancer cells, cake their growth, or continue them from spreading. Monoclonal antibodies are given by infusion. They may exist used solitary or to conduct drugs, toxins, or radioactive textile straight to cancer cells.

  Types of monoclonal antibodies include:

  • Rituximab, used to treat many types of non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
  • Obinutuzumab, used to care for follicular lymphoma.
  • Mogamulizumab, used to treat certain types of relapsed or refractory T-prison cell lymphoma.
  • Tafasitamab combined with lenalidomide to treat relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-jail cell lymphoma.
  • Pembrolizumab to treat master mediastinal large B-jail cell lymphoma.
  • Polatuzumab vedotin, combined with bendamustine and rituximab to treat relapsed or refractory diffuse large B-prison cell lymphoma.
  • Brentuximab vedotin, which contains a monoclonal antibiotic that binds to a poly peptide called CD30 that is found on some lymphoma cells. It likewise contains an anticancer drug that may help kill cancer cells.
  • Yttrium Y 90-ibritumomab tiuxetan, an example of a radiolabeled monoclonal antibiotic.

  How exercise monoclonal antibodies piece of work to treat cancer? This video shows how monoclonal antibodies, such every bit trastuzumab, pembrolizumab, and rituximab, block molecules cancer cells need to grow, flag cancer cells for destruction by the body's immune organization, or deliver harmful substances to cancer cells.

• Proteasome inhibitor therapy: This treatment blocks the action of proteasomes in cancer cells. Proteasomes remove proteins no longer needed by the cell. When the proteasomes are blocked, the proteins build up in the prison cell and may crusade the cancer cell to dice. Bortezomib is used to decrease how much immunoglobulin 1000 is in the blood after cancer handling for lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (Waldenström macroglobulinemia). It is also being studied to treat relapsed mantle cell lymphoma.
• Kinase inhibitor therapy: This treatment blocks sure proteins, which may help continue lymphoma cells from growing and may kill them. Kinase inhibitor therapies include:
  • Copanlisib, idelalisib, and umbralisib, which block P13K proteins and may help keep lymphoma cells from growing. They are used to treat follicular not-Hodgkin lymphomas that have relapsed (come back) or accept non gotten better after treatment with at least two other therapies. Umbralisib is also used to care for marginal zone lymphoma that has relapsed or not gotten better with treatment.
  • Ibrutinib, acalabrutinib, and zanubrutinib, which are types of Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. They are used to treat drape cell lymphoma. Ibrutinib and acalabrutinib are also used to treat lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma, and zanubrutinib is beingness studied to care for it.
• Histone methyltransferase inhibitor therapy: Tazemetostat is used to treat follicular lymphoma that has come back or has non gotten better with other treatment. It is used in adults whose cancer has a certain mutation (alter) in the EZH2 gene that has already been treated with at least ii other anticancer therapies.
• B-prison cell lymphoma-2 (BCL-2) inhibitor therapy: Venetoclax may be used to treat mantle cell lymphoma. Information technology blocks the action of a poly peptide called BCL-ii and may assist kill cancer cells.

See Drugs Approved for Not-Hodgkin Lymphoma for more information.

Plasmapheresis

If the blood becomes thick with actress antibody proteins and affects circulation, plasmapheresis is done to remove extra plasma and antibody proteins from the claret. In this procedure, blood is removed from the patient and sent through a machine that separates the plasma (the liquid part of the blood) from the claret cells. The patient's plasma contains the unneeded antibodies and is not returned to the patient. The normal blood cells are returned to the bloodstream forth with donated plasma or a plasma replacement. Plasmapheresis does not continue new antibodies from forming.

Watchful waiting

Watchful waiting is closely monitoring a patient's status without giving any treatment until signs or symptoms appear or change.

Antibiotic therapy

Antibiotic therapy is a treatment that uses drugs to treat infections and cancer caused past leaner and other microorganisms.

See Drugs Approved for Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma for more information.

Surgery

Surgery may be used to remove the lymphoma in certain patients with indolent or ambitious non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

The type of surgery used depends on where the lymphoma formed in the trunk:

• Local excision for certain patients with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, PTLD, and small bowel T-cell lymphoma.
• Splenectomy for patients with marginal zone lymphoma of the spleen.

Patients who have a eye, lung, liver, kidney, or pancreas transplant usually need to take drugs to suppress their immune organisation for the rest of their lives. Long-term immunosuppression subsequently an organ transplant tin cause a certain type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma called post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PLTD).

Small bowel surgery is often needed to diagnose celiac disease in adults who develop a type of T-cell lymphoma.

Stem cell transplant

Stem cell transplant is a method of giving loftier doses of chemotherapy and/or total-body irradiation and then replacing claret-forming cells destroyed by the cancer treatment. Stem cells (immature blood cells) are removed from the blood or bone marrow of the patient (autologous transplant) or a donor (allogeneic transplant) and are frozen and stored. Afterwards the chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy is completed, the stored stem cells are thawed and given back to the patient through an infusion. These reinfused stem cells grow into (and restore) the torso'south blood cells.

Enlarge

Stem cell transplant. (Footstep 1): Blood is taken from a vein in the arm of the donor. The patient or another person may exist the donor. The blood flows through a machine that removes the stem cells. So the blood is returned to the donor through a vein in the other arm. (Step ii): The patient receives chemotherapy to impale blood-forming cells. The patient may receive radiations therapy (not shown). (Step 3): The patient receives stem cells through a catheter placed into a claret vessel in the chest.

New types of handling are beingness tested in clinical trials.

This summary department describes treatments that are being studied in clinical trials. It may not mention every new treatment being studied. Data about clinical trials is available from the NCI website.

Vaccine therapy

Vaccine therapy is a cancer treatment that uses a substance or group of substances to stimulate the immune arrangement to notice the tumor and kill it.

Patients may want to think about taking part in a clinical trial.

For some patients, taking part in a clinical trial may be the best treatment pick. Clinical trials are part of the cancer research process. Clinical trials are washed to find out if new cancer treatments are safe and effective or better than the standard treatment.

Many of today's standard treatments for cancer are based on before clinical trials. Patients who take part in a clinical trial may receive the standard treatment or be amidst the first to receive a new treatment.

Patients who take part in clinical trials also help improve the way cancer will be treated in the future. Even when clinical trials do not pb to effective new treatments, they oftentimes answer important questions and help move research forward.

Patients can enter clinical trials before, during, or later on starting their cancer treatment.

Some clinical trials but include patients who have non however received treatment. Other trials exam treatments for patients whose cancer has not gotten better. In that location are also clinical trials that test new means to stop cancer from recurring (coming dorsum) or reduce the side effects of cancer treatment.

Clinical trials are taking place in many parts of the state. Information nearly clinical trials supported by NCI can exist found on NCI's clinical trials search webpage. Clinical trials supported by other organizations tin be found on the ClinicalTrials.gov website.

Follow-up tests may be needed.

Some of the tests that were done to diagnose the cancer or to find out the phase of the cancer may exist repeated. Some tests will exist repeated in order to see how well the treatment is working. Decisions about whether to continue, change, or stop handling may be based on the results of these tests.

Some of the tests will continue to be done from time to time after treatment has concluded. The results of these tests can show if your condition has inverse or if the cancer has recurred (come back). These tests are sometimes called follow-up tests or bank check-ups.

Treatment of Indolent Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

For information nigh the treatments listed beneath, see the Handling Choice Overview department.

Treatment of indolent stage I and indolent, contiguous phase II developed non-Hodgkin lymphoma may include the post-obit:

If the tumor is also large to be treated with radiation therapy, the treatment options for indolent, noncontiguous stage II, Iii, or Four adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma will exist used.

Treatment of indolent, noncontiguous stage 2, III, or IV adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma may include the following:

• Watchful waiting for patients who do not accept signs or symptoms.
• Monoclonal antibody therapy (rituximab) with or without chemotherapy.
• Lenalidomide and rituximab.
• Maintenance therapy with rituximab.
• Monoclonal antibody therapy (obinutuzumab) with or without chemotherapy.
• PI3K inhibitor therapy (copanlisib or idelalisib).
• EZH2 inhibitor therapy (tazemetostat).
• Radiolabeled monoclonal antibody therapy.
• A clinical trial of loftier-dose chemotherapy with or without total-body irradiation or radiolabeled monoclonal antibody therapy, followed by autologous or allogeneic stem jail cell transplant.
• A clinical trial of chemotherapy with or without vaccine therapy.
• A clinical trial of new types of monoclonal antibodies.
• A clinical trial of radiation therapy that includes nearby lymph nodes, for patients who take stage 3 disease.
• A clinical trial of low-dose radiation therapy, to save symptoms and improve quality of life.

Other treatments for indolent not-Hodgkin lymphoma depend on the type of not-Hodgkin lymphoma. Treatment may include the post-obit:

• For follicular lymphoma, treatment may be inside a clinical trial of new monoclonal antibody therapy, new chemotherapy regimen, or a stem prison cell transplant.
• For follicular lymphoma that has relapsed (come back) or has non gotten better afterward treatment, therapy may include a PI3K inhibitor (copanlisib, idelalisib, or umbralisib).
• For lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (Waldenström macroglobulinemia),tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy and/or plasmapheresis or proteasome inhibitor therapy (if needed to make the blood thinner) is used. Other treatments that are similar those used for follicular lymphoma may besides exist given.
• For gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, antibiotic therapy to care for Helicobacter pylori infection is given first. For tumors that do not reply to antibody therapy, treatment is radiation therapy, surgery, or rituximab with or without chemotherapy.
• For extragastric MALT lymphoma of the middle and Mediterranean abdominal lymphoma, antibiotic therapy is used to treat infection.
• For splenic marginal zone lymphoma, rituximab with or without chemotherapy and B-cell receptor therapy is used every bit initial treatment. If the tumor does not respond to treatment, a splenectomy may be done.

Treatment of Aggressive Not-Hodgkin Lymphoma

For data about the treatments listed below, see the Handling Option Overview section.

Treatment of aggressive phase I and aggressive, contiguous stage II adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma may include the following:

• Monoclonal antibody therapy (rituximab) and combination chemotherapy. Sometimes radiation therapy is given later.
• A clinical trial of a new regimen of monoclonal antibody therapy and combination chemotherapy.

Handling of aggressive, noncontiguous stage II, 3, or Iv developed non-Hodgkin lymphoma may include the post-obit:

• Monoclonal antibody therapy (rituximab) with combination chemotherapy.
• Combination chemotherapy.
• A clinical trial of monoclonal antibody therapy with combination chemotherapy followed by radiations therapy.

Other treatments depend on the type of aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Treatment may include the following:

• For extranodal NK-/T-cell lymphoma, radiations therapy that may be given before, during, or afterwards chemotherapy and CNS prophylaxis.
• For pall prison cell lymphoma, monoclonal antibiotic therapy with combination chemotherapy, followed by stem cell transplant. Monoclonal antibody therapy may exist given afterwards as maintenance therapy (treatment that is given after initial therapy to help keep cancer from coming dorsum).
• For posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder, treatment with immunosuppressive drugs may be stopped. If this does not work or cannot be done, monoclonal antibody therapy alone or with chemotherapy may be given. For cancer that has not spread, surgery to remove the cancer or radiation therapy may be used.
• For plasmablastic lymphoma, treatments are like those used for lymphoblastic lymphoma or Burkitt lymphoma.

For information on the treatment of lymphoblastic lymphoma, encounter Treatment Options for Lymphoblastic Lymphoma and for information on the handling of Burkitt lymphoma, see Handling Options for Burkitt Lymphoma.

Handling of Lymphoblastic Lymphoma

Treatment of Burkitt Lymphoma

Handling of Recurrent Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

Handling of Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma During Pregnancy

To Learn More Near Adult Not-Hodgkin Lymphoma

About This PDQ Summary

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This PDQ cancer information summary has electric current information about the treatment of developed non-Hodgkin lymphoma. It is meant to inform and help patients, families, and caregivers. It does not requite formal guidelines or recommendations for making decisions most health care.

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Editorial Boards write the PDQ cancer information summaries and go along them up to date. These Boards are made up of experts in cancer handling and other specialties related to cancer. The summaries are reviewed regularly and changes are made when there is new information. The date on each summary ("Updated") is the date of the nigh recent change.

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A clinical trial is a study to respond a scientific question, such as whether i treatment is better than some other. Trials are based on by studies and what has been learned in the laboratory. Each trial answers certain scientific questions in order to find new and better means to help cancer patients. During handling clinical trials, information is collected about the furnishings of a new handling and how well it works. If a clinical trial shows that a new handling is better than one currently beingness used, the new treatment may get "standard." Patients may want to remember about taking part in a clinical trial. Some clinical trials are open only to patients who have not started handling.

Clinical trials can be constitute online at NCI's website. For more data, call the Cancer Information Service (CIS), NCI'southward contact center, at 1-800-four-CANCER (one-800-422-6237).

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PDQ® Adult Handling Editorial Board. PDQ Adult Not-Hodgkin Lymphoma Treatment. Bethesda, Medico: National Cancer Constitute. Updated <MM/DD/YYYY>. Available at: https://world wide web.cancer.gov/types/lymphoma/patient/adult-nhl-handling-pdq. Accessed <MM/DD/YYYY>. [PMID: 26389337]

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